19.2 Patterns And Processes Of Evolution Pdf Answers

19.2 Patterns And Processes Of Evolution Pdf Answers

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The paper shows that mallards not only move far distances daily, but also have a high propensity to move between landscapes, an association that increases with age. These movements are concentrated in the daytime, suggesting that these patterns are adaptive, perhaps related to feeding. In particular, mallards are known to feed on aquatic invertebrates and plant seeds and such activities were consistently observed in our mallard observations. In addition, in a recent review of the feeding behaviour of waterfowl, Ramenofsky (2017) found that mallards are one of the most active and efficient feeders in the order Anseriformes. Mallards also have high energetic requirements, and are accordingly classified among the “more energy demanding” wetland birds in North America [11]. Females and young mallards are known to feed particularly intensively at night, whereas adult males feed more at daytime [12]. These patterns are consistent with the night-time movement patterns observed for our mallards in this study. In addition, we found that in more wetland-areas, mallards had higher rates of night-time displacement, which is also consistent with mallards’ high energetic requirements and their tendency to feed in the evening. The fact that more wetland-areas had higher numbers of mallards with age may further suggest that they are adapting to the landscape with age.

We thank all people involved in the duck banding and tracking at the BNP Paribas. We acknowledge Matthieu Fortel, Sylvie Dunoyer, and Marie-Hélène Dumont (IRD) for the management of the banding operation and Dr. Alain Morin (IRD) for the management of the GPS tracking. We are grateful to the technical teams at the INRA (USC-CEA-ENSCAV) for the GPS data processing.

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