Amazing Oscilloscope Graphics
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Nearly all consumer products today have electronic circuits. Whether a product is simple or complex, if it includes electronic components, the design, verification, and debugging process requires an oscilloscope to analyze the numerous electrical signals that make the product come to life.
What exactly is an oscilloscope, anyway? Quite simply, an oscilloscope is a diagnostic instrument that draws a graph of an electrical signal. This simple graph can tell you many things about a signal, such as:
A key benefit of an oscilloscope is its ability to accurately reconstruct a signal. The better the reconstruction of the signal the higher the signal integrity. Here's one way to think of signal integrity. An oscilloscope is analogous to a camera that captures signal images that you then observe and interpret. Several key issues lie at the heart of signal integrity:
The different systems and performance capabilities of an oscilloscope contribute to its ability to deliver the highest signal integrity possible. Probes also affect the signal integrity of a measurement system.
This primer helps you understand all of these elements so you can choose and use the oscilloscope appropriate for your application. Before you begin evaluating oscilloscopes, you need to understand the basics of waveforms and waveform measurements.
The generic term for a pattern that repeats over time is a wave. Sound waves, brain waves, ocean waves,and voltage waves are all repetitive patterns. An oscilloscope measures voltage waves. A waveform is a graphic representation of a wave.Physical phenomena such as vibrations, temperature, or electrical phenomena such as current or power can be converted to a voltage by a sensor. One cycle of a wave is the portion of the wave that repeats. A voltage waveform shows time on the horizontal axis and voltage on the vertical axis.Waveform shapes reveal a great deal about a signal. Any time you see a change in the height of the waveform, you know the voltage has changed. Any time there is a flat horizontal line, you know that there is no change for that length of time.
For example, although the signal in Figure 6 is an ordinary composite video signal, it is composed of many cycles of higher-frequency waveforms embedded in a lower-frequency envelope.In this example, it is important to understand the relative levels and timing relationships of the steps. To view this signal, you need an oscilloscope that captures the low-frequency envelope and blends in the higher-frequency waves in an intensity-graded fashion so that you can see their overall combination as an image you can interpret visually.Digital phosphor oscilloscopes (DPOs) are best suited to viewing complex waves, such as the video signals shown in Figure 6. Their displays provide the necessary frequency-of-occurrence information, or intensity grading, that is essential to understanding what the waveform is really doing.Some oscilloscopes can display certain types of complex waveforms in special ways. For example, telecommunications data may be displayed as an eye pattern or a constellation diagram:
Telecommunications digital data signals can be displayed on an oscilloscope as a special type of waveform referred to as an eye pattern. The name comes from the similarity of the waveform to a series of eyes (Figure 7).
Digital oscilloscopes have functions that make waveform measurements easy. They have front-panel buttons and screen-based menus from which you can select fully-automated measurements. These include amplitude, period, rise/fall time, and many more.Many digital oscilloscopes also provide mean and RMS calculations, duty cycle, and other math operations. Automated measurements appear as on-screen alphanumeric readouts. Typically these readings are more accurate than is possible to obtain with direct graticule interpretation.
But in recent years, Lissajous patterns have become a source of entertainment on destinations such as YouTube thanks to a subculture of technologists interested in generating geometric figures on scope displays in the X-Y mode. There is even a reddit channel devoted to oscilloscope music. One energetic enthusiast has even created scenes from the Quake video game that display on a scope.
According to the American Heritage Science Dictionary, an oscilloscope is an electronic instrument used to observe and measure changing electrical signals. While Oscilloscope Pictures, founded by Beastie Boy Adam Yauch, is focused on tracking film rather than voltage levels, it has proven itself quite adept at navigating the changing world of distribution. In its relatively short lifetime, the company has developed a keenly calibrated aesthetic sensibility, acquiring and releasing a select number of critically acclaimed narrative films and electrifying documentaries including Burma VJ, The Garden and Dear Zachary.
An oscilloscope (informally a scope) is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying electrical voltages as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time. The main purposes are to display repetitive or single waveforms on the screen that would otherwise occur too briefly to be perceived by the human eye. The displayed waveform can then be analyzed for properties such as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion, and others. Originally, calculation of these values required manually measuring the waveform against the scales built into the screen of the instrument.[1] Modern digital instruments may calculate and display these properties directly.
Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, automotive and the telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used to analyze an automotive ignition system or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram, for instance..mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}
Early high-speed visualisations of electrical voltages were made with an electro-mechanical oscillograph,[2][3]. These gave valuable insights into high speed voltage changes, but had a very low frequency response, and were superseded by the oscilloscope which used a cathode ray tube (CRT) as its display element.The Braun tube, forerunner of the Cathode Ray Tube was known in 1897, and in 1899 Jonathan Zenneck equipped it with beam-forming plates and a magnetic field for deflecting the trace, and this formed the basis of the CRT.[4] Early cathode ray tubes had been applied experimentally to laboratory measurements as early as the 1920s, but suffered from poor stability of the vacuum and the cathode emitters. V. K. Zworykin described a permanently sealed, high-vacuum cathode ray tube with a thermionic emitter in 1931. This stable and reproducible component allowed General Radio to manufacture an oscilloscope that was usable outside a laboratory setting.[1]After World War II surplus electronic parts became the basis for the revival of Heathkit Corporation, and a $50 oscilloscope kit made from such parts proved its premiere market success.
An analog oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: the display, vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger controls. The display is usually a CRT with horizontal and vertical reference lines called the graticule. CRT displays also have controls for focus, intensity, and beam finder.
Most modern oscilloscopes are lightweight, portable instruments compact enough for a single person to carry. In addition to portable units, the market offers a number of miniature battery-powered instruments for field service applications. Laboratory grade oscilloscopes, especially older units that use vacuum tubes, are generally bench-top devices or are mounted on dedicated carts. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be rack-mounted or permanently mounted into a custom instrument housing.
The signal to be measured is fed to one of the input connectors, which is usually a coaxial connector such as a BNC or UHF type. Binding posts or banana plugs may be used for lower frequencies.If the signal source has its own coaxial connector, then a simple coaxial cable is used; otherwise, a specialized cable called a "scope probe", supplied with the oscilloscope, is used. In general, for routine use, an open wire test lead for connecting to the point being observed is not satisfactory, and a probe is generally necessary.General-purpose oscilloscopes usually present an input impedance of 1 megohm in parallel with a small but known capacitance such as 20 picofarads.[5] This allows the use of standard oscilloscope probes.[6] Scopes for use with very high frequencies may have 50 Ω inputs. These must be either connected directly to a 50 Ω signal source or used with Z0 or active probes.
Most oscilloscopes provide for probe attenuation factors, displaying the effective sensitivity at the probe tip. Historically, some auto-sensing circuitry used indicator lamps behind translucent windows in the panel to illuminate different parts of the sensitivity scale. To do so, the probe connectors (modified BNCs) had an extra contact to define the probe's attenuation. (A certain value of resistor, connected to ground, "encodes" the attenuation.) Because probes wear out, and because the auto-sensing circuitry is not compatible between different oscilloscope makes, auto-sensing probe scaling is not foolproof. Likewise, manually setting the probe attenuation is prone to user error. Setting the probe scaling incorrectly is a common error, and throws the reading off by a factor of 10.
Special high voltage probes form compensated attenuators with the oscilloscope input. These have a large probe body, and some require partly filling a canister surrounding the series resistor with volatile liquid fluorocarbon to displace air. The oscilloscope end has a box with several waveform-trimming adjustments. For safety, a barrier disc keeps the user's fingers away from the point being examined. Maximum voltage is in the low tens of kV. (Observing a high voltage ramp can create a staircase waveform with steps at different points every repetition, until the probe tip is in contact. Until then, a tiny arc charges the probe tip, and its capacitance holds the voltage (open circuit). As the voltage continues to climb, another tiny arc charges the tip further.) 2b1af7f3a8